Cover | Red Deer in a Warming Caspian
May/June Cover
Photo by Mehdi Tizrouyan
Download the high-resolution image
Read the full open access paper by Salmanpour et al. (2026): Phenological responses to climate change: advancing mating and calving in wild and semi-captive Caspian red deer.
This photograph showcases the Caspian red deer (Cervus elaphus maral) in their wild populations along the southern Caspian Sea.
The images capture male deer performing rutting calls and female deer accompanied by their calves, sometimes individually and sometimes in small groups, revealing natural social structures.
Photographed in the Golestanak Core Zone by Mehdi Tizrouyan, the photos highlight habitat use in high-altitude mountainous landscapes that are critical for the species’ reproduction and survival.
As an endangered subspecies in Iran, the Caspian red deer faces increasing pressure from poaching, climate change, habitat fragmentation, and restricted access to suitable refuges, underscoring the urgent need for effective conservation and habitat protection.
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